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NCERT SOLUTIONS FOR CLASS 10 ENGLISH FIRST FLIGHT

Chapter 2
English
Nelson Mandela Long Walk to Freedom

Oral Comprehension Check
1. Where did the ceremonies take place? Can you name any public buildings in India that are made of sandstone?
Answer – The ceremonies took place in the campus of Pretoria. The Parliament House in New Delhi, the Rashtrapati Bhawan in New Delhi, the Supreme Court in New Delhi and Madras High Court in Chennai are some examples of the buildings that are made of sandstone.

2. Can you say how 10 May is an ‘autumn day’ in South Africa ?
Answer – 10 May is an ‘autumn day’ in South Africa because on this day there was the largest gathering of international leaders on the South African soil for the installation of South Africa’s first democratic, non-racial government. eteacherg.com

3. At the beginning of his speech, Mandela mentions “an extraordinary human disaster”. What does he mean by this? What is the “glorious human achievement” he speaks of at the end?
Answer – By human disaster, Mandela means to say that coloured people have suffered a lot due to discrimination in the hands of whites. He considered it as a glorious human achievement because a black man became the president of a country where the blacks are not considered as human beings and are treated badly.

4.  What does Mandela thank the international leaders for?
Answer – Mandela felt privileged to be the host to the nations of the world because not too long ago, the South African’s were considered outlaws. He thus thanked all the international leaders for having come to witness his investiture as President since this event could be considered as a common victory for justice, peace and human dignity.

5. What ideals does he set out for the future of South Africa?
Answer – Mandela set out the ideals of poverty alleviation, removal of suffering of people. He also set the ideal for a society where there would be no discrimination based on gender or racial origins. eteacherg.com

NCERT SOLUTIONS FOR CLASS 10 ENGLISH FIRST FLIGHT Chapter 2 Nelson Mandela Long Walk to Freedom
Oral Comprehension Check
1. What do the military’s generals do? How has their attitude changed, and why?
Answer – The highest militant generals of the South African defense force and police saluted Mandela and pledged their loyalty. Their attitude towards blacks had taken great change. Instead of arresting a black they saluted him.

2. Why were two national anthems sung?
Answer – On the day of inauguration, two national anthems were sung, one by the whites and the other by the blacks. This symbolized the equality of blacks and whites.

3. How does Mandela describe the systems of government in his country
(i) in the first decade, and (ii) in the final decade, of the twentieth century ?
Answer – (i) In the first decade of the twentieth century, the white – skinned people of the South Africa patched up their differences and erected a system of racial domination against the dark – skinned people of their own land, thus creating the basis of one of the harshest and most inhumane societies the world had ever known. eteacherg.com
(ii) In the last decade of the twentieth century, the previous system had been overturned forever and replaced by one that recognised the rights and freedoms of all people, regardless of the colour of their skin.

4. What does courage mean to Mandela?
Answer – For Mandela, courage does not mean only absence of fear but a victory over it. According to him, brave men need not to be fearless but should be able to conquer fear.

5. Which does he think is natural, to love or to hate?
Answer – For Mandela, love comes more naturally to the human heart than hate.

Oral Comprehension Check
1. What “twin obligations” does Mandela mention?
Answer – Mandela mentions that every man had twin obligations. The first is to his family, parents, wife and children; the second obligation is to his people, his community and his country.

2. What did being free mean to Mandela as a boy, and as a student ? How does he contrast these “transitory freedoms” with “the basic and honourable freedoms”?
Answer – Like any other kid for Mandela also the freedom meant a freedom to make merry and enjoy the blissful life. Once anybody becomes an adult then attics of childhood looks like transitory because most of the childish activities are wasteful from an adult’s perspective. Once you are adult then someday you have to earn a livelihood to bring a bacon home, then only you get an honorable existence in his family and in the society.

3. Does Mandela think the oppressor is free? Why/Why not?
Answer – Mandela does not think that the oppressor is free because according to him, an oppressor is a prisoner of hatred, who is locked behind the bars of prejudice and narrow – mindedness. He feels that both the oppressor and opperessed are robbed of their humanity. eteacherg.com

Nelson Mandela Long Walk to Freedom
Thinking About The Text

1. Why did such a large number of international leaders attend the inauguration? What did it signify the triumph of?
Answer – The presence of large number of international leaders was a gesture of solidarity of international community to the idea of the end of apartheid. It signified the triumph of good over evil, the triumph of the idea of a tolerant society without any discrimination.

2. What does Mandela mean when he says he is “simply the sum of all those African patriots” who had gone before him?
Answer – Mandela wants to pay his tribute to all the people who had sacrificed their lives for the sake of freedom. He feels that he is the sum of all those African patriot’s who had gone before him because those heroes of yesterday years had paved the path of co-operation and unity for him. Therefore, he is “simply the sum of all those African patriots” eteacherg.com

3. Would you agree that the ‘depths of oppressions’ create ‘heights of character’ ? How does Mandela illustrate this? Can you add your own examples to this argument?
Answer – Yes I agree that the “depths of oppressions” create “heights of character”. Mandela illustrates this by giving examples of great heroes of South Africa who sacrificed their lives in the long freedom struggle. India is full of such examples. During our freedom struggle, there was a galaxy of leaders of great characters. Probably the oppression of British rule created so many men of such characters. If we compare this with the quality of political leaders India is having today, then Nelson Mandela seems to be absolutely right.

4. How did Mandela’s understanding of freedom change with age and experience?
Answer – With age Nelson Mandela realised that he had a lot of responsibilities of his people, his community and his country. As a boy, Mandela did not have a hunger for freedom because he thought he was born free. He believed that as long as he obeyed his father and abided by the customs of his tribe, he was free in every possible manner. He had certain needs as a teenager and certain needs as a young man. , he realised that he was selfish during his boyhood. He slowly understands that it is not just his freedom that is being curtailed but the freedom of all blacks. It is after attaining this understanding that he develops a hunger for the freedom of his people. eteacherg.com

5. How did Mandela’s “hunger for freedom” change his life?
Answer – Mandela realised in his youth that it was not just his freedom that was being curtailed, but the freedom of all blacks. The hunger for his own freedom became the hunger for the freedom of his people. This desire of a non – racial society transformed him into a virtuous and self – sacrificing man. Thus, he joined the African National Congress and this changed him from a frightened young man into a bold man.

Thinking about Language

I. There are nouns in the text (formation, government) which are formed from the corresponding verbs (from, govern) by suffixing – (at)ion or ment. There may be a change in the spelling of some verb – noun pairs : such as rebel, rebellion; constitute, constitution.

1. Make a list of such pairs of nouns and verbs in the text.

Noun	Verb
rebellion	rebel
constitution	constitute
……………….	……………….
……………….	……………….
……………….	……………….
……………….	……………….

Answer –

Noun	Verb
rebellion	rebel
constitution	constitute
separation	separate
celebration	celebrate
expression	express
oppression	oppress

2. Read the paragraph below. Fill in the blanks with the noun forms of the verbs in brackets.
Martin Luther King’s __________ (contribute) to our history as an outstanding leader began when he came to the __________ (assist) of Rosa Parks, a seamstress who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. In those days American Blacks were confined to positions of second class citizenship by restrictive laws and customs. To break these laws would mean __________ (subjugate) and __________ (humiliate) by the police and the legal system. Beatings, (imprison) and sometimes death awaited those who defied the System. Martin Luther King’s tactics of protest involved non-violent __________ (resist) to racial injustice. eteacherg.com

Answer – 
Martin Luther King’s contribution (contribute) to our history as an outstanding leader began when he came to the assistance (assist) of Rosa Parks, a seamstress who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. In those days American Blacks were confined to positions of second class citizenship by restrictive laws and customs. To break these laws would mean subjugation (subjugate) and humiliation (humiliate) by the police and the legal system. Beatings, (imprison) and sometimes death awaited those who defied the System. Martin Luther King’s tactics of protest involved non-violent resistance (resist) to racial injustice.

II. Using the Definite Article with Names
You know that the definite article ‘the’ is not normally used before proper nouns. Nor do proper nouns usually occur in the plural. (We do not say: *The Nelson Mandela, or *Nelson Mandelas.) But now look at this sentence from the text:
      … the decades of oppression and brutality … produced the Oliver Tambos, the Walter Sisulus, … of our time.

Used in this way with the and/or in the plural, a proper noun carries a special meaning. For example, what do you think the names above mean?
Choose the right answer.
(a) for example Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu, …
(b) many other men like Oliver Tambo, Walter Sisulu …/many men of their type or kind, whose names may not be as well known.
Did you choose option (b)? Then you have the right answer!

Here are some more examples of ‘the’ used with proper names. Try to say what these sentences mean. (You may consult a dictionary if you wish. Look at the entry for ‘the’.)
1. Mr Singh regularly invites the Amitabh Bachchans and the Shah Rukh Khans to his parties.
2. Many people think that Madhuri Dixit is the Madhubala of our times.
3. History is not only the story of the Alexanders, the Napoleons and the Hitlers, but of ordinary people as well. eteacherg.com

Answer –
1. It means that Mr. Singh regularly invites the celebrities and stars like Amitabh Bachchans and the Shah Rukh Khan.

2. It means that many people think that Madhuri Dixit’s position in the industry is as was Madhubala’s.

3. It means that history is not the story of great warriors like Alexanders, Napoleons and Hitler but the history of common people as well.

Nelson Mandela Long Walk to Freedom
III. Idiomatic Expressions
Match the italicised phrases in Column A with the phrase nearest in meaning in Column B. (Hint: First look for the sentence in the text in which the phrase in Column A occurs.)

A	B
1. I was not unmindful of the fact	(i) had not forgotten; was aware of the fact (ii) was not careful about the fact (iii) forgot or was not aware of the fact
2. when my comrades and I were pushed to our limits	(i) pushed by the guards to the wall (ii) took more than our share of beatings (iii) felt that we could not endure the suffering any longer
3. to reassure me and keep me going	(i) make me go on walking (ii) help me continue to live in hope in this very difficult situation (iii) make me remain without complaining
4. the basic and honourable freedoms of… earning my keep,	(i) earning enough money to live on (ii) keeping what I earned (iii) getting a good salary

Answer – 

A	B
1. I was not unmindful of the fact	(i) had not forgotten; was aware of the fact
2. when my comrades and I were pushed to our limits	(iii) felt that we could not endure the suffering any longer
3. to reassure me and keep me going	(ii) help me continue to live in hope in this very difficult situation
4. the basic and honourable freedoms of… earning my keep,	(i) earning enough money to live on

NCERT SOLUTIONS FOR CLASS 10 ENGLISH FIRST FLIGHT Chapter 2 Nelson Mandela Long Walk to Freedom